Paul Frederic Bowles (December 30, 1910 – November 18, 1999) was an American expatriate composer, author, and translator. He became associated with the Moroccan city of Tangier, where he settled in 1947 and lived for 52 years to the end of his life.

Following a cultured middle-class upbringing in New York City, during which he displayed a talent for music and writing, Bowles pursued his education at the University of Virginia before making several trips to Paris in the 1930s. He studied music with Aaron Copland, and in New York wrote music for theatrical productions, as well as other compositions. He achieved critical and popular success with his first novel The Sheltering Sky (1949), set in French North Africa, which he had visited in 1931.

In 1947, Bowles settled in Tangier, at that time in the Tangier International Zone, and his wife Jane Bowles followed in 1948. Except for winters spent in Ceylon during the early 1950s, Tangier was Bowles's home for the remainder of his life. He came to symbolize American immigrants in the city.

Bowles died in 1999 at the age of 88. His ashes are buried near family graves in Lakemont Cemetery, in upstate New York.

Paul Bowles was born in Jamaica, Queens, New York City, as the only child of Rena (née Winnewisser) and Claude Dietz Bowles, a dentist. His childhood was materially comfortable, but his father was a cold and domineering parent, opposed to any form of play or entertainment, and feared by both his son and wife. According to family legend, Claude had tried to kill his newborn son by leaving him exposed on a window-ledge during a snowstorm. The story may not be true, but Bowles believed it was and that it encapsulated his relationship with his father. Warmth in his childhood was provided by his mother, who read Nathaniel Hawthorne and Edgar Allan Poe to him – it was to the latter that he later attributed his own desire to write stories, such as "The Delicate Prey", "A Distant Episode", and "Pages from Cold Point".

Bowles could read at age 3 and was writing stories by age 4. Soon, he wrote surrealistic poetry and music. In 1922, at age 11, he bought his first book of poetry, Arthur Waley's A Hundred and Seventy Chinese Poems. At age 17, he had a poem, "Spire Song", accepted for publication in the literary journal transition. This Paris-based publication served as a forum for leading proponents of modernism – Djuna Barnes, James Joyce, Paul Éluard, Gertrude Stein and others. Bowles's interest in music also dated from his childhood, when his father bought a phonograph and classical records. (Bowles was interested in jazz, but such records were forbidden by his father.) His family bought a piano, and the young Bowles studied musical theory, singing, and piano. When he was 15, he attended a performance of Stravinsky's The Firebird at Carnegie Hall, which made a profound impression: "Hearing The Firebird made me determined to continue improvising on the piano when my father was out of the house, and to notate my own music with an increasing degree of knowing that I had happened upon a new and exciting mode of expression." ...

Source: Article "Paul Bowles" from Wikipedia in English, licensed under CC-BY-SA 3.0.

Paul Bowles (30 décembre 1910-18 novembre 1999) est un compositeur, écrivain, et voyageur américain. Il passa la majeure partie de sa vie au Maroc.

De son nom complet Paul Frederick Bowles, il naquit le 30 décembre 1910 à Jamaica (quartier de Long Island, dans la ville de New York). Sa mère lui fit lecture d'œuvres d'Edgar Allan Poe alors qu'il était encore enfant. Par la suite, il étudia à l'université de Virginie.

En 1929, il abandonna ses études pour faire son premier voyage à Paris. En 1931, lors d'un autre séjour en France, il s'agrégea au cercle littéraire et artistique de Gertrude Stein et, sur son conseil, se rendit pour la première fois à Tanger en compagnie de son ami et professeur de musique, le compositeur Aaron Copland. Il retourna en Afrique du Nord dès l'année suivante, voyageant dans d'autres régions du Maroc, du Sahara et de l'Algérie.

En 1938, il épousa Jane Bowles, née Auer, écrivain et dramaturge. Tout au long des années 1940, ils figurèrent parmi les personnalités littéraires marquantes de New York, Bowles travaillant par exemple comme critique musical au New York Herald Tribune sous la direction de Virgil Thomson.

En 1947, Bowles partit s'établir définitivement à Tanger, où Jane Auer vint le rejoindre en 1949. Le couple devint rapidement incontournable dans le milieu des Européens et Américains établis à Tanger. Dès la fin des années 1940, ils y reçurent la visite de figures littéraires éminentes, parmi lesquelles Truman Capote, Tennessee Williams et Gore Vidal. Ils furent suivis, au cours des années 1950, par les auteurs de la beat generation, Allen Ginsberg et William S. Burroughs.

À partir de son installation au Maroc, Bowles se consacra à l'écriture de romans, de nouvelles et de récits de voyages, écrivant également la musique pour neuf pièces représentées à l'École américaine de Tanger (American School of Tangier).

Au début des années 1952, Bowles fit l'acquisition de Taprobane, petite île située sur la côte de l'actuel Sri Lanka, où il écrivit une grande partie de son roman The Spider's House, revenant à Tanger lors des mois les plus chauds.

Après la mort de Jane Bowles en 1973 à Malaga (Espagne), Bowles continua de vivre à Tanger, écrivant et recevant ses visiteurs dans son modeste appartement. En 1995, Bowles retourna brièvement à New York pour un festival consacré à ses œuvres musicales, se tenant au Lincoln Center. À cette occasion, il participa également à un festival de sa musique au centre de Lincoln ainsi qu'à un colloque et à une entrevue tenue à la New School for Social Research («nouvelle école pour la recherche sociale»).

Paul Bowles est mort d'un arrêt cardiaque à l'hôpital italien de Tanger le 18 novembre 1999, à l'âge de 88 ans. Le lendemain, le New York Times publia une nécrologie occupant une page entière. Bien qu'ayant vécu au Maroc pendant 52 ans, Paul Bowles fut inhumé à Lakemont (New York), à proximité de ses parents et grands-parents.

Son répertoire, très souvent conventionnel, s'éloigna, à quelques rares exceptions, des thèmes de prédilection de ses romans. ...

Source: Article "Paul Bowles" de Wikipédia en français, soumis à la licence CC-BY-SA 3.0.