English (en-US)

Name

Iannis Xenakis

Biography

Giannis Klearchou Xenakis (also spelled for professional purposes as Yannis or Iannis Xenakis; Greek: Γιάννης "Ιωάννης" Κλέαρχου Ξενάκης; 29 May 1922 – 4 February 2001) was a Romanian-born Greek-French avant-garde composer, music theorist, architect, performance director and engineer.

After 1947, he fled Greece, becoming a naturalised citizen of France eighteen years later. Xenakis pioneered the use of mathematical models in music such as applications of set theory, stochastic processes and game theory and was also an important influence on the development of electronic and computer music. He integrated music with architecture, designing music for pre-existing spaces, and designing spaces to be integrated with specific music compositions and performances.

Among his most important works are Metastaseis (1953–54) for orchestra, which introduced independent parts for every musician of the orchestra; percussion works such as Psappha (1975) and Pléïades (1979); compositions that introduced spatialization by dispersing musicians among the audience, such as Terretektorh (1966); electronic works created using Xenakis's UPIC system; and the massive multimedia performances Xenakis called polytopes, that were a summa of his interests and skills.

Among the numerous theoretical writings he authored, the book Formalized Music: Thought and Mathematics in Composition (French edition 1963, English translation 1971) is regarded as one of his most important. As an architect, Xenakis is primarily known for his early work under Le Corbusier: the priory of Sainte-Marie de La Tourette, on which the two collaborated, and the Philips Pavilion at Expo 58, which Xenakis designed by himself.

Giannis Klearchou Xenakis was born in Brăila, Romania—the site of a large Greek community, as the eldest son of Greek parents; Klearchos Xenakis, a businessman from Euboea who was managing director of an English export-import agency and one of the richest men in the city, and Fotini Pavlou from Lemnos, a pianist who also spoke German and French. His two younger brothers were Jason, who became a philosophy professor in the United States and Greece, and Kosmas, an architect, urban planner and artist.

His parents were both interested in music, and it was Pavlou who encouraged the young child to learn more about it: the young Giannis was given a flute by his mother, and the family visited the Bayreuth Festival several times, due to his father's interest in opera. Her early death in 1927, when Xenakis was five years old, was a traumatic experience that, in his own words, "deeply scarred" the future composer. She had previously been infected from measles and died after giving birth to a stillborn daughter.

He was subsequently educated by a series of English, French, and German governesses, and then, in 1932, sent to Greece to study at the Anargyrio-Korgialenio boarding school on the Aegean island of Spetses. He sang in the school's boys' choir, where the repertoire included works by Palestrina, and Mozart's Requiem, which Xenakis memorized in its entirety. ...

Source: Article "Iannis Xenakis" from Wikipedia in English, licensed under CC-BY-SA 3.0.

French (fr-FR)

Name
Biography

Yannis Xenakis, ou Iannis Xenakis (en grec moderne: Γιάννης Ξενάκης), né le 29 mai 1922 à Brăila en Roumanie et mort le 4 février 2001 dans le 9e arrondissement de Paris, est un compositeur, architecte et ingénieur d'origine grecque, naturalisé français, marié à la femme de lettres Françoise Xenakis, avec qui il a eu une fille, la peintre et sculptrice Mâkhi Xenakis.

Il est architecte et collabore, au sein de l'atelier de Le Corbusier, à la création du Pavillon Philips de l'exposition universelle de Bruxelles de 1958, maintenant détruit. Il est le premier Européen à utiliser un ordinateur pour composer de la musique et il a créé la musique stochastique.

Iannis Xenakis est né à Brăila, ville portuaire du Danube située dans la partie orientale de la Roumanie, près du delta, où vit une importante communauté grecque. Son père, Clearchos Xenakis, fils de paysan, est directeur d'une agence anglaise d'import-export et sa mère, Photini Pavlou, francophone et germanophone, aime jouer du piano. Ses frères cadets Cosmas et Jason deviendront respectivement peintre et professeur de philosophie aux États-Unis.

Dès son plus jeune âge, Iannis Xenakis baigne dans une atmosphère musicale: sa mère lui offre une flûte et souhaite qu’il s'adonne à la musique. Le couple Xenakis se rend plusieurs fois au festival de Bayreuth dans les années 1920. Alors qu'il n'a que cinq ans, sa mère, qui est enceinte à ce moment-là, contracte la rougeole et meurt après avoir mis au monde une fille qui ne survit pas. Les enfants Xenakis sont élevés par des gouvernantes française, anglaise et allemande.

En 1932, son père l'envoie en Grèce où le jeune Xenakis fréquente d'abord le collège gréco-anglais de l'île de Spetses avant de partir pour la capitale, où il intègre la classe préparatoire au concours d’entrée au Polytechnio (l’École polytechnique d'Athènes), en automne 1938. Ses années de formations lui permettent de découvrir et de se passionner pour les mathématiques et la littérature grecque et étrangère, en même temps qu'il approfondit ses connaissances musicales: il compose, reçoit des leçons d’analyse, d’harmonie et de contrepoint d'Aristote Koundourov, réalise une transcription géométrique d’œuvres de Bach.

Le 28 octobre 1940, le jour de la rentrée à l’École polytechnique, les troupes de Mussolini envahissent la Grèce et l’École est contrainte de cesser ses activités, qu'elle ne reprend que sporadiquement. L'invasion italienne puis allemande du pays l'entraîne dans la résistance, d'abord à droite, puis dans les rangs communistes. Plusieurs fois emprisonné, il lit avidement Platon, Marx et Lénine. ...

Source: Article "Iannis Xenakis" de Wikipédia en français, soumis à la licence CC-BY-SA 3.0.

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